第 1 單元，第 1 課
Vocabulary單字
這課一眼看
Unit words: Who am I?單元單字：我是誰？
- identity身分；身分認同: Who a person is; the things that make you different from others.
- personality個性；性格: The way a person usually thinks, feels, and acts.
- belief / value: An idea you think is true / an idea about what is important.
- inspire激勵；啟發: To give someone the wish or energy to do something.
- adventurous / confident / determined: Likes new things / sure of yourself / does not give up.
- generous / hopeful / patient: Likes to give / expects good things / waits without anger.
- organized / reliable / social / amusing: Keeps order / can be trusted / likes people / funny.
- bossy / shy / strange / unfriendly: Less kind words: tells others what to do / nervous with people / unusual / not kind.
Vocabulary strategy: Suffix -ly單字策略：字尾 -ly
- suffix字尾: A word part added to the end of a word.
- -ly字尾 -ly（多把形容詞變成副詞）: A suffix that usually turns an adjective into an adverb.
- adverb副詞: A word that tells how, when, or where something happens.
Vocabulary strategy: Using context單字策略：利用上下文
- context上下文: The words and sentences around a new word.
- context clue上下文線索: A hint near a new word that helps you guess its meaning: a definition, synonym, antonym, example, or the general sense.
1Unit words: Who am I?單元單字：我是誰？
AWords for talking about who you are談「你是誰」的字
- These five words help you talk about the inside of a person, not just what they look like. Read each sentence and notice how the bold word is used.
- Your identity is the mix of things that make you who you are: your family, your language, your interests, and your choices.
- My cousin has a calm personality. Nothing seems to worry him.
- It is my belief that everyone deserves a second chance.
- Honesty is one of the most important values in our family.
- A short talk by a marine biologist inspired me to join the ocean club.
這五個字幫助你談一個人的「內在」，而不只是外表。讀每一句，注意粗體字的用法。- 你的身分認同是讓你成為你的各種事物的組合：家庭、語言、興趣和選擇。
- 我表哥個性很冷靜，好像沒有什麼事會讓他擔心。
- 我相信每個人都應該得到第二次機會。
- 誠實是我們家最重要的價值觀之一。
- 一位海洋生物學家的簡短演講激勵我加入海洋社。
Words for talking about who you are談「你是誰」的字
| Word單字 | Part of speech詞性 | Meaning意思 | Useful pattern常用搭配 |
|---|---|---|---|
| identityidentity | noun名詞 | who or what a person is; the things that make you different from others一個人是誰；讓你和別人不同的特質 | a strong sense of identitya strong sense of identity（強烈的自我認同感） |
| personalitypersonality | noun名詞 | the way a person usually thinks, feels, and acts一個人通常的想法、感受和行為方式；個性 | have a warm / quiet personalityhave a warm / quiet personality（個性溫暖／安靜） |
| beliefbelief | noun名詞 | an idea that you think is true你認為是真的想法；信念 | a strong belief in somethinga strong belief in something（對某事的堅定信念） |
| valuevalue | noun名詞 | an idea about what is right and important in life (usually plural: values)對人生中什麼是對的、重要的看法（通常用複數 values）；價值觀 | share the same valuesshare the same values（有相同的價值觀） |
| inspireinspire | verb動詞 | to give someone the wish or the energy to do something讓某人想要、或有動力去做某事；激勵 | inspire someone to do somethinginspire someone to do something（激勵某人去做某事） |
注意
Belief and value are close but not the same. A belief is something you think is true (I believe hard work pays off). A value is something you think is important (Fairness matters to me). Your beliefs and values together guide many of your choices.belief 和 value 很接近，但不一樣。belief 是你認為「是真的」的事（我相信努力會有回報）。value 是你認為「重要」的事（公平對我很重要）。你的信念和價值觀一起引導你的許多選擇。
自我檢查
Which word fits? Moving to a new country made her think hard about her ___: Is she Taiwanese, Canadian, or both?哪個字適合？Moving to a new country made her think hard about her ___: Is she Taiwanese, Canadian, or both?
看答案
identity. The question “Is she Taiwanese, Canadian, or both?” is about who she is.identity。「她是台灣人、加拿大人，還是兩者都是？」這個問題是在問她是誰，也就是身分認同。
BPositive personality words正面的個性用字
- These adjectives describe personality in a positive way. Each one is easier to remember if you connect it to an action.
- An adventurous person loves new places and new activities, like trying rock climbing for the first time.
- A confident student raises her hand even when she is not sure of the answer.
- A determined runner keeps training after a bad race.
- A generous neighbor shares the mangoes from his tree with the whole building.
- A hopeful person expects good things to happen, even in a hard year.
- An organized student always knows where her notes are.
- A patient older brother explains the math problem a third time without getting angry.
- A reliable friend does what she promises.
- A social person enjoys parties and talking to new people.
- An amusing classmate tells stories that make everyone laugh.
這些形容詞用正面的方式描述個性。把每個字和一個動作連在一起，就比較容易記住。- 愛冒險的人喜歡新地方和新活動，例如第一次嘗試攀岩。
- 有自信的學生就算不確定答案也會舉手。
- 意志堅定的跑者在一場比賽跑不好之後，還是繼續練習。
- 大方的鄰居把他樹上的芒果分給整棟大樓的人。
- 抱持希望的人就算在辛苦的一年，也期待好事發生。
- 有條理的學生總是知道自己的筆記在哪裡。
- 有耐心的哥哥把數學題解釋第三次也不生氣。
- 可靠的朋友會做到她答應的事。
- 愛社交的人喜歡派對和跟新朋友聊天。
- 有趣的同學說的故事讓大家都笑。
Positive personality words正面的個性用字
| Adjective形容詞 | Meaning意思 | Noun form名詞形式 | Opposite相反詞 |
|---|---|---|---|
| adventurousadventurous | happy to try new or exciting things愛冒險的 | adventureadventure（冒險） | careful, cautiouscareful、cautious（小心的） |
| confidentconfident | sure of yourself and your abilities有自信的 | confidenceconfidence（自信） | unsure, insecureunsure、insecure（沒把握的） |
| determineddetermined | not willing to stop until you reach your goal意志堅定的；下定決心的 | determinationdetermination（決心） | easily discouragedeasily discouraged（容易灰心的） |
| generousgenerous | happy to give time, money, or help大方的；慷慨的 | generositygenerosity（慷慨） | selfish, meanselfish、mean（自私的、小氣的） |
| hopefulhopeful | believing that good things will happen抱持希望的 | hopehope（希望） | hopelesshopeless（絕望的） |
| organizedorganized | keeping things in order and planning well有條理的 | organizationorganization（條理；組織） | messy, disorganizedmessy、disorganized（雜亂的） |
| patientpatient | able to wait or deal with problems without getting angry有耐心的 | patiencepatience（耐心） | impatientimpatient（沒耐心的） |
| reliablereliable | able to be trusted to do what you say可靠的 | reliabilityreliability（可靠性） | unreliableunreliable（不可靠的） |
| socialsocial | enjoying time with other people愛社交的 | (a) social lifesocial life（社交生活） | shy, quietshy、quiet（害羞的、安靜的） |
| amusingamusing | funny in a way that makes people smile or laugh有趣的；好笑的 | amusementamusement（樂趣） | boring, seriousboring、serious（無聊的、嚴肅的） |
注意
Patient is also a noun: a person who is getting care from a doctor. The context tells you which meaning is used: The nurse was patient with the patient.patient 也可以當名詞，指正在看醫生的病人。上下文會告訴你是哪個意思：The nurse was patient with the patient.（護理師對病人很有耐心。）
自我檢查
Choose the best word: My sister plans every day in a notebook and never forgets a deadline. She is very (adventurous / organized / amusing).選出最適合的字：My sister plans every day in a notebook and never forgets a deadline. She is very (adventurous / organized / amusing).
看答案
organized. Planning every day and never missing a deadline shows that she keeps things in order.organized。每天做計畫、從不錯過期限，表示她做事有條理。
CWords people may use about you別人可能用來形容你的字
- Other people do not always see us the way we see ourselves. These four adjectives are less positive. Be careful when you use them about a real person, because they can hurt.
- My little brother is bossy when we play games. He tells everyone what to do.
- I was shy on my first day at the new school and did not speak to anyone.
- The new student wears a winter coat in June. Some classmates think that is strange.
- The guard looked unfriendly, but he was actually very kind when we asked for help.
別人不一定用我們看自己的方式來看我們。這四個形容詞比較不正面。用在真實的人身上時要小心，因為可能會傷人。- 我弟弟玩遊戲時很愛指揮人，他會告訴每個人要做什麼。
- 我在新學校的第一天很害羞，沒跟任何人說話。
- 新同學六月還穿冬天的外套，有些同學覺得很奇怪。
- 警衛看起來不友善，但我們請他幫忙時，他其實很親切。
Same action, different words同一個行為，不同的說法
| What the person does這個人做的事 | A kind word比較友善的說法 | A less kind word比較不友善的說法 |
|---|---|---|
| tells the group what to do告訴大家該做什麼 | a natural leader, confident天生的領導者、有自信 | bossybossy（愛指揮人的） |
| does not talk much to new people不太跟新認識的人說話 | quiet, careful安靜、謹慎 | shy, unfriendlyshy、unfriendly（害羞、不友善） |
| does things in an unusual way用不尋常的方式做事 | creative, original有創意、有原創性 | strangestrange（奇怪的） |
| never gives up an argument爭論時從不讓步 | determined意志堅定 | stubbornstubborn（固執的） |
注意
Shy and unfriendly can look the same from the outside, but they are different inside. A shy person wants to talk but feels nervous. An unfriendly person does not want to be friendly.shy 和 unfriendly 從外表看可能一樣，但內在不同。害羞的人想說話但會緊張；不友善的人是不想表現友善。
自我檢查
A classmate always decides which game the group plays and gets angry if others disagree. Which word from this lesson describes him, and what kinder word could you use?有位同學總是決定小組玩什麼遊戲，別人不同意就生氣。本課哪個字可以形容他？你可以用哪個比較友善的字？
看答案
Bossy describes him. A kinder way to say it is that he is a confident leader, but he needs to listen more.bossy 可以形容他。比較友善的說法是他是有自信的領導者，只是需要多聽別人的意見。
2Vocabulary strategy: Suffix -ly單字策略：字尾 -ly
AWhat the suffix -ly does字尾 -ly 的作用
- A suffix is a word part added to the end of a word. It often changes the part of speech. The suffix -ly usually turns an adjective into an adverb. The adjective describes a noun (a patient teacher); the adverb describes a verb and tells how something is done (She waited patiently). If you know the adjective, you already know most of the meaning of the adverb.字尾（suffix）是加在字後面的部分，常會改變詞性。字尾 -ly 通常把形容詞（adjective）變成副詞（adverb）。形容詞描述名詞（noun），例如 a patient teacher（有耐心的老師）；副詞描述動詞（verb），說明事情「怎麼做」，例如 She waited patiently（她耐心地等）。認識形容詞，就已經懂副詞大部分的意思。
Adjective + -ly = adverb形容詞 + -ly = 副詞
| Adjective形容詞 | Adverb副詞 | Example with the adverb副詞的例句 |
|---|---|---|
| confidentconfident | confidentlyconfidently（有自信地） | He walked confidently onto the stage.他很有自信地走上舞台。 |
| generousgenerous | generouslygenerously（大方地） | The company gave generously to the flood victims.那家公司大方捐款給水災災民。 |
| patientpatient | patientlypatiently（耐心地） | We waited patiently for the results.我們耐心地等結果。 |
| hopefulhopeful | hopefullyhopefully（滿懷希望地） | She looked hopefully at the sky for the rain to stop.她滿懷希望地看著天空，等雨停。 |
| strangestrange | strangelystrangely（奇怪地） | The house was strangely quiet.房子安靜得很奇怪。 |
| socialsocial | sociallysocially（在社交上） | Some people find it hard to relax socially.有些人在社交場合很難放鬆。 |
注意
A few common words end in -ly but are adjectives, not adverbs: friendly, lonely, lovely, lively, ugly. You cannot say ✗ He smiled friendly. Say ✓ He smiled in a friendly way.有幾個常見的字以 -ly 結尾，但它們是形容詞，不是副詞：friendly、lonely、lovely、lively、ugly。不能說 ✗ He smiled friendly，要說 ✓ He smiled in a friendly way（他友善地笑了）。
自我檢查
Change the adjective in brackets into an adverb: The coach explained the rules (clear) so that everyone understood.把括號裡的形容詞改成副詞：The coach explained the rules (clear) so that everyone understood.
看答案
clearly. The word tells how the coach explained, so it must be an adverb: clear + -ly.clearly。這個字說明教練「怎麼」解釋，所以要用副詞：clear 加 -ly。
BSpelling and using -ly words-ly 的拼法與用法
- Most adjectives just add -ly. A few spelling rules change the ending. After you form the adverb, put it after the verb (or after the object), not between the verb and its object.大部分形容詞直接加 -ly。有幾條拼字規則會改變字尾。造好副詞後，把它放在動詞後面（或受詞後面），不要放在動詞和受詞中間。
Spelling rules for -ly-ly 的拼字規則
| Adjective ending形容詞結尾 | Rule規則 | Examples例子 |
|---|---|---|
| most adjectives大部分形容詞 | add -ly加 -ly | quick → quickly, calm → calmly, honest → honestlyquick → quickly、calm → calmly、honest → honestly |
| consonant + y子音 + y | change y to i, add -lyy 改 i，加 -ly | easy → easily, angry → angrily, happy → happilyeasy → easily、angry → angrily、happy → happily |
| -le-le | drop the e, add -y去掉 e，加 -y | gentle → gently, simple → simply, possible → possiblygentle → gently、simple → simply、possible → possibly |
| -ic-ic | add -ally加 -ally | basic → basically, energetic → energeticallybasic → basically、energetic → energetically |
| -l-l | keep the l, add -ly (double l)保留 l，再加 -ly（變成兩個 l） | careful → carefully, hopeful → hopefullycareful → carefully、hopeful → hopefully |
| good (irregular)good（不規則） | the adverb is well副詞是 well | a good singer → She sings well.a good singer → She sings well. |
Common mistakes with -ly-ly 的常見錯誤
| Mistake錯誤 | Correct正確 | Why原因 |
|---|---|---|
| ✗ She answered the question confident.✗ She answered the question confident. | ✓ She answered the question confidently.✓ She answered the question confidently. | The word describes how she answered, so use the adverb.這個字說明她怎麼回答，要用副詞。 |
| ✗ He finished the test easyly.✗ He finished the test easyly. | ✓ He finished the test easily.✓ He finished the test easily. | Consonant + y: change y to i.子音 + y：y 改成 i。 |
| ✗ You did the job very good.✗ You did the job very good. | ✓ You did the job very well.✓ You did the job very well. | The adverb of good is well.good 的副詞是 well。 |
| ✗ She speaks quietly English.✗ She speaks quietly English. | ✓ She speaks English quietly.✓ She speaks English quietly. | Do not put the adverb between the verb and its object.副詞不要放在動詞和受詞中間。 |
自我檢查
Write the adverb form: lucky, terrible, automatic, wonderful.寫出副詞形式：lucky、terrible、automatic、wonderful。
看答案
luckily, terribly, automatically, wonderfully.luckily、terribly、automatically、wonderfully。
3Vocabulary strategy: Using context單字策略：利用上下文
AKinds of context clues上下文線索的種類
- The context is the words and sentences around a new word. Good readers do not reach for a dictionary every time. They look for a context clue first. At this level, the clue may not be in the same sentence. It can be in the next sentence, or even across the whole paragraph, so keep reading before you decide.上下文（context）是新字前後的字和句子。好的讀者不會每次都馬上查字典，而是先找上下文線索（context clue）。到了這個程度，線索不一定在同一句裡，可能在下一句，甚至散布在整段文章中，所以先繼續讀，再下判斷。
Five kinds of context clues五種上下文線索
| Clue線索 | Signal words信號字 | Example例句 | What you can guess可以猜到的意思 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Definition定義 | is, means, that is, or, dashesis、means、that is、or、破折號 | He is an introvert—a person who feels most relaxed alone.他是 introvert，也就是獨處時最放鬆的人。 | introvert = someone who prefers being aloneintrovert＝喜歡獨處的人；內向者 |
| Synonym同義詞 | or, also, in other wordsor、also、in other words | The old man was frugal, or careful with money.那位老先生很 frugal，也就是用錢很小心。 | frugal = careful with moneyfrugal＝節儉的 |
| Antonym反義詞 | but, however, unlike, insteadbut、however、unlike、instead | Unlike her talkative brother, Mia is reserved.跟她愛講話的哥哥不同，Mia 很 reserved。 | reserved = quiet, does not share feelings easilyreserved＝安靜、不輕易表露感受的；拘謹的 |
| Example例子 | such as, for example, includingsuch as、for example、including | He has many hobbies, such as chess, origami, and juggling.他有很多 hobbies，例如下棋、摺紙和雜耍。 | hobby = an activity you do for funhobby＝為了樂趣做的活動；嗜好 |
| General sense整體情境 | the situation in the paragraph段落裡的情況 | After three hours of hiking in the sun, we were parched and drank all our water.在太陽下爬了三小時的山，我們 parched，把水全喝光了。 | parched = very thirstyparched＝非常口渴的 |
注意
Signal words are helpful, but they are not always there. When there is no signal, ask: What is happening in this paragraph? What kind of word would make sense here?信號字很有幫助，但不一定每次都有。沒有信號字時，問自己：這段在發生什麼事？這裡放什麼樣的字才說得通？
自我檢查
What kind of clue helps you here, and what does candid mean? “Most people gave polite answers, but Jun was candid. He told the coach exactly what he thought of the plan.”這裡是哪種線索？candid 是什麼意思？“Most people gave polite answers, but Jun was candid. He told the coach exactly what he thought of the plan.”
看答案
An antonym clue (but) and a general-sense clue in the next sentence. Candid means honest and direct.反義詞線索（but），加上下一句的整體情境線索。candid 是「坦白直率的」。
BUsing context to understand personality words用上下文理解個性用字
- Personality words are often explained by actions, not by definitions. When you meet a new word that describes a person, look for what that person does or says. The actions are your clue. Then check your guess: does the word fit every action in the paragraph?個性用字通常用「行為」來解釋，而不是用定義。遇到描述人的新字時，找找這個人做了什麼、說了什麼，這些行為就是線索。然後檢查你的猜測：這個字和段落裡的每個行為都相符嗎？
Actions as clues把行為當線索
| Sentence with a new word含新字的句子 | Action clue行為線索 | Good guess合理的猜測 |
|---|---|---|
| Kai is so meticulous that he checks every answer twice and lines up his pens by color.Kai 非常 meticulous，每個答案檢查兩次，還把筆按顏色排好。 | checks twice, lines up pens檢查兩次、把筆排好 | meticulous = very careful about small detailsmeticulous＝非常注意細節的；一絲不苟的 |
| My aunt is gregarious. She talks to strangers on the bus and invites the whole street to her parties.我阿姨很 gregarious，她在公車上跟陌生人聊天，還邀請整條街的人來派對。 | talks to strangers, invites everyone跟陌生人聊天、邀請所有人 | gregarious = very socialgregarious＝非常愛交際的 |
| The puppy was timid. It hid behind the sofa whenever a visitor came in.小狗很 timid，每次有客人進來就躲到沙發後面。 | hid behind the sofa躲到沙發後面 | timid = easily frightened, shytimid＝膽小的、容易害怕的 |
Common mistakes when guessing from context從上下文猜字的常見錯誤
| Mistake錯誤做法 | Better較好的做法 | Why原因 |
|---|---|---|
| ✗ Stop at the new word and guess from the word alone.✗ 停在新字上，只看這個字本身就猜。 | ✓ Read to the end of the sentence and the next one.✓ 讀完這一句，再讀下一句。 | The clue is often after the word.線索常常在新字後面。 |
| ✗ Guess a meaning that fits one action only.✗ 猜的意思只符合其中一個行為。 | ✓ Check that the meaning fits all the actions.✓ 確認意思符合所有行為。 | A good guess must make sense in the whole paragraph.好的猜測要在整段都說得通。 |
| ✗ Ignore but, however, and unlike.✗ 忽略 but、however、unlike。 | ✓ Use them to find the opposite meaning.✓ 用它們找出相反的意思。 | Contrast words show that the new word means the opposite of something nearby.對比詞表示新字和附近某個字意思相反。 |
自我檢查
Guess the meaning of resilient: “After losing the final, the team was resilient. They were sad for one day, and then they started training again for next season.”猜 resilient 的意思：“After losing the final, the team was resilient. They were sad for one day, and then they started training again for next season.”
看答案
Resilient means able to recover quickly after something bad happens. The clue is that they were sad for only one day and then started again.resilient 是「能很快從挫折中恢復的」。線索是他們只難過一天就重新開始練習。
這課的重點字
- identity身分；身分認同
- personality個性；性格
- belief信念；看法
- value價值觀
- inspire激勵；啟發
- adventurous愛冒險的
- confident有自信的
- determined意志堅定的；下定決心的