第 1 單元，第 1 課
Vocabulary單字
這課一眼看
Unit words: Pushing the limits單元單字：挑戰極限
- physical / mental: Of the body / of the mind.
- pain疼痛: The feeling when part of your body hurts.
- tough艱難的；堅強的: Very difficult; or strong in difficult situations.
- obstacle阻礙；障礙: Something that blocks your progress.
- opponent對手: The person or team you compete against.
- overcome克服: To deal successfully with a problem or fear.
- push yourself逼自己；鞭策自己: To make yourself work harder than is comfortable.
- achieve達成: To succeed in doing something after effort.
- determination決心；毅力: The quality of not giving up.
- role model榜樣；模範: A person others want to be like.
- boundary界線；極限: A limit or edge.
Vocabulary strategy: Prefix un-單字策略：字首 un-
- un-字首 un-（表示「不」）: A prefix meaning not: unbelievable, unreachable.
- in- / dis- / non-: Other prefixes that mean not; each word takes its own.
Vocabulary strategy: Use a dictionary單字策略：查字典
- dictionary entry: All the information about one word in a dictionary.
1Unit words: Pushing the limits單元單字：挑戰極限
ABody and mind: physical, mental, pain, tough身體與心智：physical、mental、pain、tough
- This unit is about people who test how far they can go, with their bodies and with their minds. Read the sentences. The bold words are the new words.
- Rowing across a lake every morning is hard physical work.
- Chess players need great mental strength to stay focused for five hours.
- After the long hike, I felt a sharp pain in my left knee.
- The last kilometer of the race was the tough part; my legs wanted to stop.
這個單元談的是測試自己能走多遠的人——用身體，也用心智。讀句子，粗體字是本課新字。- 每天早上划船橫越湖面是很吃力的體力活。
- 下棋的人需要很強的心理素質，才能專注五個小時。
- 長途健行之後，我的左膝感到一陣刺痛。
- 比賽最後一公里是最艱難的部分，我的腿只想停下來。
Body and mind身體與心智
| Word單字 | Part of speech詞性 | Meaning意思 | Useful partners常見搭配 |
|---|---|---|---|
| physicalphysical | adjective形容詞 | connected with the body, not the mind身體的（不是心理的） | physical strength, physical activity, physical limitsphysical strength（體力）、physical activity（身體活動）、physical limits（體能極限） |
| mentalmental | adjective形容詞 | connected with the mind and thinking心理的；心智的 | mental health, mental strength, a mental challengemental health（心理健康）、mental strength（心理素質）、a mental challenge（心智挑戰） |
| painpain | noun名詞 | the feeling you have when part of your body hurts疼痛 | feel pain, be in pain, a sharp painfeel pain（感到疼痛）、be in pain（正在痛）、a sharp pain（刺痛） |
| toughtough | adjective形容詞 | very difficult; or strong enough to deal with difficulty艱難的；（人）堅強的 | a tough race, a tough decision, a tough persona tough race（艱難的比賽）、a tough decision（困難的決定）、a tough person（堅強的人） |
注意
Tough describes both the challenge and the person. A tough climb is hard; a tough climber can handle hard things. Read the noun after it to decide which meaning is used.tough 可以形容挑戰，也可以形容人。a tough climb 是很難的攀登；a tough climber 是能應付困難的攀登者。看它後面接的名詞，就知道是哪個意思。
自我檢查
Physical or mental? (1) Solving a hard math puzzle without paper. (2) Carrying a heavy bag up ten floors.physical 還是 mental？(1) 不用紙筆解一道很難的數學謎題。(2) 提著很重的袋子爬十層樓。
看答案
(1) mental, because it uses the mind. (2) physical, because it uses the body.(1) mental，因為用的是腦。(2) physical，因為用的是身體。
BFacing difficulty: obstacle, opponent, overcome, push yourself面對困難：obstacle、opponent、overcome、push yourself
- These words describe what stands in your way and what you do about it.
- Fear of deep water was the biggest obstacle between my cousin and the swim team.
- In the final, her opponent was a player she had never beaten.
- It took him two years to overcome his fear of speaking in public.
- If you want to improve, you have to push yourself a little harder each week.
這些字描述擋在你面前的東西，以及你怎麼面對它。- 怕深水是我表妹進入游泳隊最大的障礙。
- 決賽中，她的對手是一位她從來沒贏過的選手。
- 他花了兩年才克服在眾人面前說話的恐懼。
- 如果你想進步，每個星期都要再逼自己努力一點。
Facing difficulty面對困難
| Word單字 | Part of speech詞性 | Meaning意思 | Example例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| obstacleobstacle | noun名詞 | something that blocks you or makes progress difficult阻礙；障礙 | Money was the main obstacle to the plan.錢是這個計畫的主要障礙。 |
| opponentopponent | noun名詞 | the person or team you play against對手 | Shake hands with your opponent after the match.比賽結束後要和對手握手。 |
| overcomeovercome | verb (overcome, overcame, overcome)動詞（overcome, overcame, overcome） | to succeed in dealing with a problem or a fear克服 | She overcame a serious injury and raced again.她克服了重傷，再度出賽。 |
| push yourselfpush yourself | verb phrase動詞片語 | to make yourself work harder than is comfortable逼自己；鞭策自己 | Runners push themselves in the last lap.跑者在最後一圈拚盡全力。 |
注意
Push yourself changes with the subject: I push myself, she pushes herself, they push themselves. The reflexive pronoun must match the person.push yourself 會隨主詞改變：I push myself、she pushes herself、they push themselves。反身代名詞要和主詞一致。
自我檢查
Fill in the correct form: My brother always ___ (push yourself) too hard before exams and then gets sick.填入正確形式：My brother always ___ (push yourself) too hard before exams and then gets sick.
看答案
pushes himself. The subject is my brother (he), so the verb takes -es and the pronoun is himself.pushes himself。主詞是 my brother（he），動詞加 -es，反身代名詞用 himself。
CReaching goals: achieve, determination, role model, boundary達成目標：achieve、determination、role model、boundary
- These words are about goals and the people who reach them.
- Our team achieved its goal of finishing in the top three.
- Learning a new language takes determination; you must keep going on bad days.
- My aunt, who became a doctor at forty, is my role model.
- Free divers test the boundary between what the human body can and cannot do.
這些字跟目標以及達成目標的人有關。- 我們的隊伍達成了進入前三名的目標。
- 學新語言需要決心：狀況不好的日子也要繼續。
- 我的阿姨四十歲才成為醫生，她是我的榜樣。
- 自由潛水員在測試人體能做到與做不到之間的界線。
Reaching goals達成目標
| Word單字 | Part of speech詞性 | Meaning意思 | Word family同族字 |
|---|---|---|---|
| achieveachieve | verb動詞 | to succeed in doing something after effort（努力後）達成 | achievement (noun), achievable (adjective)achievement（名詞，成就）、achievable（形容詞，可達成的） |
| determinationdetermination | noun名詞 | the quality of not giving up決心；毅力 | determined (adjective), determine (verb)determined（形容詞，下定決心的）、determine（動詞，決定） |
| role modelrole model | noun名詞 | a person whose behavior others want to copy榜樣；模範 | be a role model for someonebe a role model for someone（成為某人的榜樣） |
| boundaryboundary | noun名詞 | a limit; a line that marks the edge of something界線；極限 | push the boundaries, cross a boundarypush the boundaries（突破極限）、cross a boundary（越界） |
注意
Achieve needs an object: achieve a goal, achieve success. Do not say ✗ I achieved. Say what you achieved.achieve 後面要接受詞：achieve a goal（達成目標）、achieve success（獲得成功）。不要只說 ✗ I achieved，要說出達成了什麼。
自我檢查
Which word fits? Her ___ to finish the marathon was so strong that she walked the last five kilometers.哪個字適合？Her ___ to finish the marathon was so strong that she walked the last five kilometers.
看答案
determination. The sentence describes someone who refused to give up.determination。這句描寫一個不肯放棄的人。
2Vocabulary strategy: Prefix un-單字策略：字首 un-
Aun- + adjective: unbelievable, unreachableun- + 形容詞：unbelievable、unreachable
- A prefix is a word part added to the front of a word to change its meaning. The prefix un- usually means not. At this level you will often see un- together with the suffix -able: un + reach + able = unreachable, “not able to be reached.” Break long words into parts and the meaning becomes clear.字首（prefix）是加在單字前面、改變意思的字的部分。字首 un- 通常表示「不」。到了這個程度，你常會看到 un- 和字尾 -able 一起出現：un + reach + able = unreachable，「無法到達的」。把長字拆成幾個部分，意思就清楚了。
un- with -able wordsun- 加 -able 的字
| Word單字 | Parts拆解 | Meaning意思 | Example例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| unbelievableunbelievable | un + believe + ableun + believe + able | so surprising that it is hard to believe難以置信的 | The view from the top was unbelievable.山頂的景色美得難以置信。 |
| unreachableunreachable | un + reach + ableun + reach + able | impossible to reach無法到達的 | The island is unreachable in winter storms.冬季暴風雨時那座島無法到達。 |
| unforgettableunforgettable | un + forget + ableun + forget + able | so special that you will always remember it難忘的 | Our first night camping was unforgettable.我們第一晚露營令人難忘。 |
| unpredictableunpredictable | un + predict + ableun + predict + able | impossible to know in advance無法預測的 | Mountain weather is unpredictable.山上的天氣難以預料。 |
| uncomfortableuncomfortable | un + comfort + ableun + comfort + able | not comfortable; slightly painful or awkward不舒服的；不自在的 | The new boots were uncomfortable at first.新靴子一開始穿起來不舒服。 |
注意
Unbelievable has two uses. It can mean very good (an unbelievable goal) or hard to accept as true (an unbelievable excuse). Context tells you which.unbelievable 有兩種用法：可以指「好得驚人」（an unbelievable goal），也可以指「讓人無法相信是真的」（an unbelievable excuse）。要看上下文判斷。
自我檢查
Break the word into parts and give its meaning: unbreakable.把這個字拆開，並說出意思：unbreakable。
看答案
un + break + able: not able to be broken.un + break + able：打不破的。
Bun-, in-, dis-, or non-?un-、in-、dis- 還是 non-？
- English has several prefixes that mean not, and each word chooses its own. You cannot freely switch them. When you are not sure, check a dictionary instead of guessing.英文有好幾個表示「不」的字首，每個字有自己固定搭配的字首，不能隨意替換。不確定時，查字典，不要用猜的。
Prefixes that mean not表示「不」的字首
| Prefix字首 | Examples例子 | Note說明 |
|---|---|---|
| un-un- | unfair, unknown, unlikely, unafraidunfair、unknown、unlikely、unafraid | the most common one最常見 |
| in- (im-, il-, ir-)in-（im-、il-、ir-） | incorrect, impossible, illegal, irregularincorrect、impossible、illegal、irregular | im- before b, m, p; il- before l; ir- before rb、m、p 前用 im-；l 前用 il-；r 前用 ir- |
| dis-dis- | dislike, disagree, dishonestdislike、disagree、dishonest | often with verbs常接動詞 |
| non-non- | nonstop, nonfiction, nonsmokernonstop、nonfiction、nonsmoker | often with nouns常接名詞 |
Common mistakes常見錯誤
| Mistake錯誤 | Correct正確 | Why原因 |
|---|---|---|
| ✗ The plan is unpossible.✗ The plan is unpossible. | ✓ The plan is impossible.✓ The plan is impossible. | Possible takes im-, not un-.possible 用 im-，不用 un-。 |
| ✗ I unagree with you.✗ I unagree with you. | ✓ I disagree with you.✓ I disagree with you. | Agree takes dis-.agree 用 dis-。 |
| ✗ It's not unreachable, so we can't go.✗ It's not unreachable, so we can't go. | ✓ It's unreachable, so we can't go.✓ It's unreachable, so we can't go. | Not + un- cancel each other and mean reachable.not 和 un- 互相抵消，變成「可以到達」。 |
自我檢查
Add the correct prefix: (1) ___patient (2) ___honest (3) ___fair (4) ___legal加上正確的字首：(1) ___patient (2) ___honest (3) ___fair (4) ___legal
看答案
(1) impatient (2) dishonest (3) unfair (4) illegal(1) impatient（沒耐心的）(2) dishonest（不誠實的）(3) unfair（不公平的）(4) illegal（違法的）
3Vocabulary strategy: Use a dictionary單字策略：查字典
AReading a dictionary entry讀懂字典條目
- A good learner's dictionary gives much more than a translation. Each entry shows the part of speech, the pronunciation, one or more definitions, example sentences, and often the words that commonly go with the word. Read the whole entry before you choose a meaning.一本好的學習者字典（dictionary）提供的不只是翻譯。每個條目（entry）會列出詞性、發音、一個或多個定義、例句，常常還有常見的搭配字。選定意思之前，先把整個條目讀完。
What an entry shows字典條目有什麼
| Part部分 | Example for overcome以 overcome 為例 | Why it helps有什麼幫助 |
|---|---|---|
| Part of speech詞性 | verb動詞 | Tells you how to use it in a sentence告訴你在句子裡怎麼用 |
| Pronunciation and stress發音與重音 | /ˌoʊ.vərˈkʌm/: stress on -come/ˌoʊ.vərˈkʌm/：重音在 -come | Helps you say it and recognize it when you hear it幫你說出來，也聽得出來 |
| Forms字形變化 | overcame, overcomeovercame、overcome | Shows irregular past forms列出不規則的過去式 |
| Definitions定義 | 1. to deal with a problem successfully 2. (of a feeling) to affect someone very strongly1. 成功處理問題 2.（情緒）強烈影響某人 | Shows that one word can have several meanings讓你知道一個字可能有好幾個意思 |
| Examples and collocations例句與搭配 | overcome a fear, overcome difficulties, be overcome with joyovercome a fear、overcome difficulties、be overcome with joy | Shows real, natural use呈現真實自然的用法 |
注意
Check the example sentences, not only the definition. Examples show the grammar around the word, for example whether a verb needs an object.要看例句，不只看定義。例句會呈現這個字周圍的文法，例如動詞後面需不需要受詞。
自我檢查
A dictionary lists two meanings of overcome. Which meaning is used here? “She was overcome with joy when she saw the finish line.”字典列出 overcome 的兩個意思。這句用的是哪一個？“She was overcome with joy when she saw the finish line.”
看答案
Meaning 2: a feeling affected her very strongly. She did not deal with a problem; she felt great joy.第 2 個意思：一種情緒強烈地影響她。她不是在處理問題，而是感到非常開心。
BChoosing the right meaning選出正確的意思
- Many words have several meanings. Use three steps: first, decide the part of speech in your sentence; second, read every definition for that part of speech; third, put each meaning back into the sentence and choose the one that makes sense.很多字有好幾個意思。用三個步驟：第一，判斷這個字在句子裡的詞性；第二，讀這個詞性底下的每一個定義；第三，把每個意思放回句子裡，選出說得通的那一個。
One word, different meanings同一個字，不同意思
| Sentence句子 | Part of speech詞性 | Meaning that fits合適的意思 |
|---|---|---|
| The coach told us to push harder in the second half.教練要我們下半場更拚一點。 | verb動詞 | make a bigger effort更努力 |
| She gave the door a push.她推了門一下。 | noun名詞 | the act of pressing something away from you推的動作 |
| It was a tough piece of meat.那塊肉很硬。 | adjective形容詞 | hard to cut or chew很難切或咬的 |
| It was a tough exam.那是一場很難的考試。 | adjective形容詞 | difficult困難的 |
Common dictionary mistakes查字典的常見錯誤
| Mistake錯誤 | Better habit比較好的習慣 |
|---|---|
| ✗ Taking the first meaning without checking the sentence✗ 直接採用第一個意思，沒有對照句子 | ✓ Test each meaning in the sentence.✓ 把每個意思放回句子檢查。 |
| ✗ Looking up the verb meaning when the word is a noun✗ 字是名詞卻查動詞的意思 | ✓ Decide the part of speech first.✓ 先判斷詞性。 |
| ✗ Ignoring the example sentences✗ 忽略例句 | ✓ Copy one example into your notebook.✓ 抄一個例句到筆記本。 |
自我檢查
Which meaning of mental fits? “Mental math is faster than using a calculator for small numbers.” (a) about mental illness (b) done in your headmental 用哪個意思？“Mental math is faster than using a calculator for small numbers.” (a) 與精神疾病有關 (b) 在腦中進行的
看答案
(b). Mental math means calculating in your head without writing.(b)。mental math 是不用紙筆、在腦中計算（心算）。
這課的重點字
- physical身體的
- mental心理的；心智的
- pain疼痛
- tough艱難的；堅強的
- obstacle阻礙；障礙
- opponent對手
- overcome克服
- push yourself逼自己；鞭策自己