第 1 單元，第 1 課
Out of My Mind《心中的話》節選
這課一眼看
Reading skill: Cite Evidence閱讀技巧：引用證據
- evidence證據: Facts or details from a text that support an answer.
- cite引用: To mention words or details from a text as support.
- paraphrase改寫；換句話說: To say someone's idea again using your own words.
Grammar: Proper nouns and the verb be文法：專有名詞與 be 動詞
- common noun普通名詞: A noun for any person, place, or thing, not a specific one.
- proper noun專有名詞: A noun that names one specific person, place, or thing.
Words to know重要單字
- ability能力: The power or skill needed to do something.
- control控制；掌控: The power to make something do what you want.
- insensitive不體貼的；無感的: Not noticing or caring about other people's feelings.
- intact完好無缺的: Not broken or damaged; still complete.
- limitation限制: Something that makes it hard or impossible to do something.
- cognitively在認知上: In a way related to thinking, knowing, and understanding.
1About the text認識這篇文章
AA sharp mind that no one can see沒有人看得見的聰明頭腦
- This reading is an excerpt from Out of My Mind, a novel by the American writer Sharon M. Draper. It is realistic fiction, and the narrator tells the story in the first person. The narrator is Melody, a girl who is almost eleven. She has cerebral palsy, so she cannot walk, talk, or feed herself, and her arms and legs often move when she does not want them to.這篇文章節選自美國作家莎朗．德蕾普（Sharon M. Draper）的小說《心中的話》（Out of My Mind）。這是一篇寫實小說，用第一人稱敘述。說故事的人是梅樂蒂（Melody），一個快滿十一歲的女孩。她患有腦性麻痺，所以不能走路、不能說話，也不能自己吃飯，手腳還常常不受控制地亂動。
- Melody first describes what other people notice when they look at her: a tiny girl with curly hair in a pink wheelchair. Then she tells us what they miss. She is extremely smart, and she remembers almost everything she sees or hears. The problem is that nobody knows this, because she has no way to show it. This makes her feel lonely and frustrated.梅樂蒂先描述別人看到她時會注意到什麼：一個坐在粉紅色輪椅上、頭髮捲捲的瘦小女孩。接著她告訴讀者別人沒看到的部分：她非常聰明，看過或聽過的事幾乎都記得。問題是沒有人知道這件事，因為她沒有辦法表現出來，這讓她覺得孤單又沮喪。
Main characters主要角色
| Character角色 | Who she or he is身分 |
|---|---|
| Melody梅樂蒂 | The narrator; a very bright girl with cerebral palsy敘述者；患有腦性麻痺、非常聰明的女孩 |
| Mrs. Brooks布魯克斯太太 | Melody's mother; she believes her daughter is smart梅樂蒂的媽媽；她相信女兒很聰明 |
| Dr. Hugely休吉利醫生 | A specialist who tests Melody's intelligence at age five在梅樂蒂五歲時替她做智力測驗的專科醫生 |
BThe test in the doctor's office醫生診間裡的測驗
- Melody remembers a day when she was five. Her mother took her to a specialist to find out how smart she was before she started school. Dr. Hugely asked her to stack blocks, but she could not hold them, so she pushed them off the table. She could point to blue, but she could not make the sound for green. He decided she did not understand.梅樂蒂回想起她五歲時的一天。上學之前，媽媽帶她去看一位專科醫生，想知道她有多聰明。休吉利醫生要她把積木疊起來，但她拿不住，只好把積木掃到地上。她能指出藍色，卻發不出「綠色」的音。醫生就認定她聽不懂。
- In the picture questions, Melody actually thought more carefully than the doctor. She chose the banana as the odd one out because the other three things were round and red. When he asked which animal has a calf, she touched every picture, because all four animals do. The doctor only saw wrong answers. He did not see her reasons.在看圖回答的題目中，梅樂蒂其實想得比醫生更仔細。她選香蕉當作「不一樣的那個」，因為另外三樣東西都是圓的、紅的。醫生問哪一種動物的寶寶叫 calf 時，她把每張圖都摸了一遍，因為四種動物的寶寶都叫 calf。醫生只看到錯誤的答案，卻沒看到她的理由。
- Dr. Hugely told Mrs. Brooks that Melody was severely brain-damaged and would never walk, talk, or understand much. He gave her a brochure for a special school. Her mother became angry, threw it away, and told him he was wrong. She said Melody was the truly intelligent one, because she manages in a world where almost nothing works for her.休吉利醫生告訴布魯克斯太太，梅樂蒂腦部嚴重受損，永遠無法走路、說話，也理解不了多少事情。他還給她一份特殊學校的簡介。媽媽非常生氣，把簡介丟掉，告訴醫生他錯了。她說梅樂蒂才是真正聰明的人，因為她要在一個幾乎什麼都不順利的世界裡努力生活。
自我檢查
How does this story connect to the unit question 'What makes a person smart?'這個故事和單元問題「怎樣才算聰明？」有什麼關聯？
看答案
It shows that a test may not measure a person's real intelligence. Melody is very smart, but the test only checks things she cannot do with her body.它說明測驗不一定能測出一個人真正的智力。梅樂蒂非常聰明，但那個測驗只檢查她身體做不到的事。
2Reading skill: Cite Evidence閱讀技巧：引用證據
AWhat it means to cite evidence什麼是引用證據
- When you answer a question about a reading, your opinion is not enough. You need to cite evidence. This means you go back to the text and find specific details, examples, or facts that support your answer. Good evidence shows the reader exactly why your answer makes sense.回答閱讀問題時，只有自己的意見是不夠的，你需要引用證據。也就是回到文本中，找出能支持你答案的具體細節、例子或事實。好的證據能清楚讓讀者明白你的答案為什麼合理。
Four steps to cite evidence引用證據的四個步驟
| Step步驟 | What to do做法 |
|---|---|
| 11 | Read the question and circle its key words.讀題目，圈出關鍵字。 |
| 22 | Scan the text. Check headings and the first and last lines of paragraphs.快速瀏覽文本，看標題以及每段的第一句和最後一句。 |
| 33 | Write your answer to the question.寫下你對問題的回答。 |
| 44 | Add the evidence that explains your thinking.加上能說明你想法的證據。 |
- There are two ways to show evidence. You can quote the author's exact words and put them in quotation marks. Or you can paraphrase, which means you say the same idea in your own words. Paraphrasing is useful when the details are long. A short quotation is useful when the exact words are important.呈現證據有兩種方式。你可以引用作者的原文，並加上引號；也可以改寫，也就是用自己的話說出相同的意思。細節很長的時候，改寫很好用；當原文的字句很關鍵時，就用簡短的引用。
BCite evidence in action實際練習引用證據
- Question: How does Melody's mother show that she believes in her daughter? Answer: She defends Melody strongly. Evidence (paraphrased): She tells the doctor she can see that Melody is bright. She throws away the special school brochure. She says that Melody is smarter than the doctor.問題：梅樂蒂的媽媽怎麼表現出她相信女兒？回答：她強力為梅樂蒂辯護。證據（改寫）：她告訴醫生，她看得出梅樂蒂很聰明；她把特殊學校的簡介丟掉；她還說梅樂蒂比醫生更聰明。
注意
A common mistake is giving an answer with no support, or copying a whole paragraph. Choose two or three short details that match the key words of the question.常見錯誤是回答時完全沒有支持的證據，或是整段照抄。請挑選兩、三個和題目關鍵字相符的簡短細節。
自我檢查
Why does Dr. Hugely think Melody should go to a special school? Give your answer and one piece of evidence.休吉利醫生為什麼認為梅樂蒂應該去特殊學校？請寫出答案和一項證據。
看答案
He thinks her mind is badly damaged. Evidence: he tells her mother that Melody will never speak or understand more than simple instructions, and he hands her a brochure for a special school.他認為她的腦部嚴重受損。證據：他告訴媽媽梅樂蒂永遠不會說話，也只能理解簡單的指令，還交給她一份特殊學校的簡介。
3Grammar: Proper nouns and the verb be文法：專有名詞與 be 動詞
ACapitalize proper nouns專有名詞要大寫
- A common noun names any person, place, or thing, such as girl, doctor, or city. A proper noun names one specific person, place, or thing, such as Melody, Dr. Hugely, or Taipei. Proper nouns always begin with a capital letter. Common nouns only have a capital letter at the start of a sentence.普通名詞是指任何一個人、地方或東西，例如 girl、doctor、city。專有名詞是指某一個特定的人、地方或東西，例如 Melody、Dr. Hugely、Taipei。專有名詞一律以大寫字母開頭；普通名詞只有在句首時才大寫。
Common nouns and proper nouns普通名詞與專有名詞
| Common noun普通名詞 | Proper noun專有名詞 |
|---|---|
| a teacher一位老師 | Ms. Chen陳老師 |
| a city一座城市 | Kaohsiung高雄 |
| a school一所學校 | Riverside Middle School河濱中學 |
| a river一條河 | the Tamsui River淡水河 |
| a language一種語言 | Spanish西班牙語 |
| a day一天 | Monday星期一 |
- Some words can be common or proper. Look at the context. When mom or doctor is used as a name or title, capitalize it. Compare: My mom is a nurse. / Can you help me, Mom? Also compare: The doctor was kind. / Thank you, Doctor. In the first sentence of each pair, the word is common.有些字可以是普通名詞，也可以是專有名詞，要看上下文判斷。當 mom 或 doctor 被當作稱呼或頭銜使用時，就要大寫。比較：My mom is a nurse.／Can you help me, Mom? 以及 The doctor was kind.／Thank you, Doctor. 每組的第一句都是普通名詞。
注意
In English, names of days, months, languages, and nationalities are proper nouns: Friday, July, English, Japanese. Do not capitalize a common noun just because it seems important.英文中星期、月份、語言和國籍都是專有名詞，例如 Friday、July、English、Japanese。不要因為某個普通名詞看起來很重要就把它大寫。
自我檢查
Correct the capital letters: my aunt teaches at hope high school in tainan every monday.改正大小寫：my aunt teaches at hope high school in tainan every monday.
看答案
My aunt teaches at Hope High School in Tainan every Monday.句首 My 大寫；校名 Hope High School、地名 Tainan、星期 Monday 都是專有名詞，要大寫。
BGrammar Boost: The verb be文法加強：be 動詞
- Be is the most common verb in English. We use it to say what someone is, to describe people and things, and to give locations. We also use it for jobs, ages, nationalities, weather, time, and feelings. For example: Melody is ten. Her mother is worried. The school is near the park.be 動詞是英文中最常見的動詞。我們用它說明某人是什麼、描述人或事物、說明位置，也用來談職業、年齡、國籍、天氣、時間和感受。例如：Melody is ten. Her mother is worried. The school is near the park.
Present forms of bebe 動詞的現在式
| Subject主詞 | Affirmative肯定 | Negative否定 | Short form縮寫 |
|---|---|---|---|
| II | amam | am notam not | I'm / I'm notI'm／I'm not |
| you / we / theyyou／we／they | areare | are notare not | you're / you aren'tyou're／you aren't |
| he / she / ithe／she／it | isis | is notis not | she's / she isn'tshe's／she isn't |
- To make a yes/no question, put be before the subject: Is your sister at home? Are they from Japan? Answer with be in the short answer: Yes, she is. No, they aren't. Do not use a contraction in a short yes answer. Say Yes, she is, not Yes, she's.要造 yes/no 問句時，把 be 動詞移到主詞前面：Is your sister at home? Are they from Japan? 簡答時也用 be 動詞：Yes, she is. No, they aren't. 肯定簡答不能用縮寫，要說 Yes, she is，不能說 Yes, she's。
注意
Two common mistakes: forgetting be (She very smart → She is very smart) and using the wrong form with two subjects (Ken and I is late → Ken and I are late).兩個常見錯誤：漏掉 be 動詞（She very smart → She is very smart），以及兩個主詞時用錯形式（Ken and I is late → Ken and I are late）。
自我檢查
Complete the dialogue: A: ___ your brother in the art club? B: No, he ___. He ___ in the music club.完成對話：A: ___ your brother in the art club? B: No, he ___. He ___ in the music club.
看答案
Is / isn't / is依序填入 Is／isn't／is。主詞 your brother、he 是第三人稱單數，所以用 is。
4Words to know重要單字
AKey words from the story故事中的關鍵字
- These words help you talk about what a person can and cannot do. Melody's story is about the gap between what her body allows and what her mind knows. Notice how each word below fits that idea. Then read the example sentences, which are about everyday life.這些字可以幫助你談論一個人能做和不能做的事。梅樂蒂的故事談的正是她的身體能做到的事，和她的頭腦所知道的事之間的落差。請留意下面每個字如何和這個主題連結，再讀讀這些日常生活的例句。
- My grandfather lost the ability to read small print, so he uses a magnifying glass.
- It is hard to keep control of a bike on an icy road.
- Laughing at someone who falls is an insensitive thing to do.
- The old vase fell off the shelf, but it was still intact.
- 我爺爺失去了閱讀小字的能力，所以他用放大鏡。
- 在結冰的路上很難控制腳踏車。
- 嘲笑跌倒的人是很不體貼的行為。
- 那個舊花瓶從架子上掉下來，但還是完好無缺。
- One limitation of my phone is that the battery dies quickly.
- Young children are cognitively ready to learn new languages very quickly.
- In the story, the test does not match Melody's body, so it cannot show her real mind. Her mother can see that her intelligence is still whole and strong.
- 我手機的一個限制是電池很快就沒電。
- 幼童在認知上已經準備好能很快學會新語言。
- 在故事裡，那個測驗不適合梅樂蒂的身體狀況，所以無法顯示她真正的心智。媽媽看得出她的智力仍然完整而強大。
自我檢查
Which word fits? Our team had a big ___: only four players could come to the game.哪一個字適合？Our team had a big ___: only four players could come to the game.
看答案
limitationlimitation（限制）。只有四位球員能來比賽，這是球隊面臨的限制。
這課的重點字
- evidence證據
- cite引用
- paraphrase改寫；換句話說
- common noun普通名詞
- proper noun專有名詞
- ability能力
- control控制；掌控
- insensitive不體貼的；無感的